Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Review Answers

What is the equation for photosynthesis? CA + OH ; C6H1206 + 602 6. What are suspended in the fluid strata Of chloroplasts? Stacks of ayatollahs called grand 7. _ Photosynthesis/Diocletian Pathway_ is a series of linked chemical reactions from which energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds. 8. What is the purpose of chlorophyll? Absorb light energy Why is it green? Green Color reflected 9. What can happen to light when it strikes an object? Reflected, Absorbed, and Transmitted 10. What happens when chlorophyll absorbs light?Electrons are raised to a higher energy level 11. Where do the electron from a chlorophyll molecule go when they move to a higher energy level? Electron transport chain 12. Electrons found in photosynthesis are eventually replaced by electrons from _photosynthesis II . 13. Where does the oxygen come from that is produced in photosynthesis? Water 14. What is the major gas byproduct of photosynthesis? Oxygen 15. Photosyn thesis occurs in the ethylated membrane and converts light energy into chemical energy. 16. What process provides the energy to produce TAP molecules? Photosynthesis 17.Ethylated membrane is where electrons return to their original energy levels. 8. Calvin_ Cycle creates the carbohydrates needed for energy and growth in photosynthesis. What other organic molecules are produced? Proteins and Lipids 19. Name the two prod cuts of the light reaction in photosynthesis that provide energy for the Calvin Cycle. TAP and NADIA 20. What does the Calvin Cycle require? TAP and NADIA Can it occur in light and dark conditions? Yes What does the Calvin Cycle generate? Glucose 21 . Where does the TAP for the Calvin Cycle come from for the production of carbohydrate molecules?Light Reactions of photosynthesis 22. Where do all the carbon atoms in organic lessees ultimately come from? Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere 23. Why is TAP important? Essential for all tasks necessary for cell's life 24. Wha t gas is produced in photosynthesis necessary for cellular respiration? Oxygen 25. What is the equation for cellular respiration? C6H1206 + 602 CHIC + OH + energy (TAP) 26. What process breaks down food molecules to release stored energy? Cellular Respiration 27. What occurs during glycoside? Molecule of glucose is split, two molecules of Pyrrhic Acid are made, and 2 Tap's are produced.Is glycoside an aerobic or anaerobic reaction? Anaerobic 28. What is the process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down anaerobic (without oxygen)? Fermentation 29. What is produced in muscles when you exercise vigorously in the absence of necessary oxygen? Lactic Acid 30. Name the three stages of cellular respiration. Glycoside, Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain What are the two main stages for cellular respiration? Glycoside and Aerobic Respiration Which stage prod cues the most energy? Electron Transport Chain 31 NADIA, CA, and FADDY are formed during the Kreb s Cycle. 32.What two aerobic stages in cellular respiration reduce most of the TAP needed for life, break down glucose into Carbon Dioxide, water, and TAP? Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain 33. What are the end products of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration? Water and Tap's 34. Electrons combine with oxygen and protons to form water at the end of the electron transport chain . 35. When living cells break down molecules, what is the form of energy stored and energy released Stored as TAP and heat is released 36. What two molecules donate the electrons for the electron transport chain? FADDY and NADIA and H2O

Galapagos Island Essay

Galapagos island is located at the Pacific Ocean placed along the equator which is about 1,000 km from the coast of South America. It is composed of 13 main islands, 6 small islands and â€Å"107 islets and rocks. † A province of Ecuador, Galapagos islands’ capital is Puerto Baquerizo Moreno which is mostly inhabited by an estimated 18,000 people. Some of the islands were formerly active volcanoes but some are still active (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, â€Å"Explore Galapagos†). Biodiversity in Galapagos Island Galapagos Island’s seclusion and controlled population contributed to its rich and extensive biodiversity. Because of these factors, the pace of evolutionary changes have accelerated that resulted to diversification and the formation of new species called speciation. The geographical isolation of the island wherein the â€Å"archipelago is isolated from the continent, the islands from each other by different distances, and the habitat types by their climatic differences,† aided in the promotion of different evolutionary tracks resulting to varying terrain, vegetation, animal and plant life between every islands (Charles Darwin Foundation, 2006, â€Å"Galapagos Land Ecosystems†). Vegetation in Galapagos is influenced by land habitat and climate but is â€Å"strongly zoned by altitude. † There are four vegetations zones in Galapagos namely: Littoral Zone which is affected by the salt spray alongside the coast; Dry Zone has the biggest scope in the island; Transition Zone is a vegetation of woodland; and Humidi Zone is characterized by highland grasslands and Miconia scrub (Charles Darwin Foundation, 2006, â€Å"Galapagos Land Ecosystems†). A variety of animal and plant life also forms the abundant biodiversity of Galapagos. There are many animals living in the island, in which most of them roam freely because of the absence of predators. Reptiles, terrestrial mammals, birds and fishes are all endemic creatures and consider Galapagos as their home (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, â€Å"Explore Galapagos†). One of the famous specie in this island is a giant pre-historic tortoise called Lonesome George. Galapagos tortoises are part of the species â€Å"Geochelone elephantopus. † These animals have undergone fourteen forms depending on their location at the Galapagos. But bad news for Lonesome George, if experts cant’ produce or obtain a mate for him soon, his species will become extinct. In addition, a wide array of animals have gained popularity within and outside the islands including the marine turtle, marine and land iguanas, lava lizards and others (Galapaguide, â€Å"Galapagos Animals†). Meanwhile, plant life is also as diverse and one of a kind as the animal life. There are many theories on how vegetation started in Galapagos. One possible scenario is when spores and seeds were transported by the wind or through the â€Å"feet, plummage and digestive system of migratory birds† or probably because of the force of the marine current (Galapagos Voyage, â€Å"Galapagos Island Animal, Flora & Fauna†). Depending on the vegetation, various species of plants, flowers and trees are present in every island. Some can only be solely found in Galapagos such as passion flower, tomato, guava and cotton. Numerous plant species have changed into an assortment of endemic species which scientists explained as ‘adaptive radiation’ (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, â€Å"Explore Galapagos†). All of these species though diverse have a symbiotic relationship with each other. Galapagos’ rare but exquisite ecosystem had produced a lavish and fertile marine, aquatic, terrestrial, avian and flora and fauna life all over the islands. Furthermore, the distinctiveness and the detachment of the islands from the hustle and bustle of civilization gave Galapagos a unique feature that it can clearly claim for its own. No other place in the world comes close to being as diverse and extraordinary as the Galapagos islands. Conservation and Preservation of Galapagos Island Galapagos Island is one of the best kept secrets of the world. Its captivating beauty and enigmatic charm have lured numerous people ranging from tourists, scientists, fishermen and others. Because of this, the Galapagos have been put on the list of sites that are in danger by the World Heritage. The influx of humans in the islands have caused a domino effect that have immensely affected the plant and animal life and the whole ecosystem as well (People & the Planet, 2007, â€Å"Galapagos Islands put on danger list†). The ecological degradation is caused by the development trends that are in contrasts with the conservation efforts in the islands. Three main factors that affected Galapagos’ ecology were the growth in human population, increase of transportation from the main island to Galapagos and the intensified fishing (Bensted-Smith, 1999, â€Å"A Biodiversity Vision for the Galapagos Islands†) . The â€Å"accelerating cycle of economic and population growth pushed by external markets† have elevated the danger to local biodiversity. The increase in demand for â€Å"tourism and marine resources† have caused the emergence of invasive species, too much harvesting of marine life, and pollution. As a consequence, the islands have suffered from social, economical and political stresses due to the amplified desire to use Galapagos’ natural wealth and public services. This was manifested because of tourism mismanagement in the islands. Tourism brought economic growth, however, Galapagos being a fragile ecosystem, was not able to adapt to the changes causing major damages in the biodiversity (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, â€Å"Explore Galapagos†). Human intrusion to the delicate biodiversity of Galapagos is very much evident in the modern age but civil groups and the government are drafting efforts to ensure that most or all of forms of life in the islands are conserved and preserved. The presence of marine reserves and the Galapagos national park are the initial drives to protect the endemic species and the pristine environment (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, â€Å"Issues in Galapagos†). More so, the Ecuadorian government have set up significant initiatives the following: 1) migration to the islands was regulated; 2) quarantine inspection system was installed; 3) public funds for ecoparks were increased; and 4) additional monetary support were yielded for conservation projects (Bensted-Smith, 1999, â€Å"A Biodiversity Vision for the Galapagos Islands†). To further the enterprise for preservation and conservation, there should be numerous researches to be conducted regarding social and biological sciences to help intensify the information drive on Galapagos biodiversity. Through this, environmental awareness will be increase thus reducing the possibility of disruption of the ecosystem. Also, there should be local and national agencies that would consolidate all conservation forces in the islands and ensure its effective management . Another solution would be putting up â€Å"sustainable and equitable businesses† to make sure that humans don’t abuse the natural resources and Galapagos’ ecology (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, â€Å"Explore Galapagos†). Meanwhile collective efforts are very powerful in conserving and preserving, however as an individual, you can also contribute by donating to institutions that help foster the growth of Galapagos biodiversity. Also, in today’s technological era, you could use the internet to raise awareness about the environmental problems plaguing Galapagos to awaken the senses of millions and millions of people all over the world. Another contribution for the advancement of conservation and preservation is by joining organizations whose objectives are to save the animal and plant life of Galapagos. Galapagos island is indeed a place where all living species exist in peace but the constant threat of human intervention can increase the possibility of Galapagos having a tragic death. If things will not be controlled and modulated, this pristine archipelago will soon be extinct. The existence of endemic plants and centuries old animals in Galapagos are the most crucial elements that can’t be replaced and renewed once they have been exterminated. These environmental gems are the key to future development of other living organisms. Without them, things will not be the same and we would be depriving future generations the chance to experience and study these unique and bountiful ecosystem. So to prevent this from happening, we must start within ourselves by promoting and practicing preservation and conservation of our natural resources and this will have a chain effect wherein every living being would experience existing in a sustainable environment. References Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands. (2006). Galapagos Land Ecosystems. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http://www. darwinfoundation. org/en/galapagos/land Bensted-Smith, R. (Ed). 2002. A biodiversity vision for the Galapagos Islands. CDF: Galapagos. Galapaguide. Galapagos Animals. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http://www. galapaguide. com/islas_galapagos_fauna. htm Galapagos Conservation Trust. (2008). Explore Galapagos. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http://www. gct. org/intro. html Galapagos Conservation Trust. (2008). Issues in Galapagos. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http://www. gct. org/issues. html Galapagos Voyage. Galapagos Island Animal, Flora & Fauna. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http://www. galapagosvoyage. com/page_content. asp? id_page=149 People & the Planet. (2007, July 07). Galapagos Islands put on danger list. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http://peopleandplanet. net/doc. php? id=3061

A Balanced Scorecard Model For Project Management Information Technology Essay

A Balanced Scorecard Model For Project Management Information Technology Essay For a long time organizations are have been trying to use performance measurement methods in their system due to the fact that most time of managers is consumed by gathering, controlling, analyzing or reporting out data. Over time, it has been recognized that a valid performance measurement system can help organization to define its expectations and priorities, set strategies with goals and finally planning and decision making. Project Management Office, managers, program managers and project managers, as well as other organizations can use performance measurement benefits to evaluate project team performance, process effectiveness, client perception, resource management and leveling in a single or multiple project organization. By adding performance measurement to the project managers’ skills, they can accurately evaluate project performance against the mission and vision of organizations. Moreover, it helps project managers to find and assess risks and determine the value l evel creating for stakeholders. These papers will focus the issues of the performance of a project, and integrity of performance measurement and project management. The research objectives for this research study are identifying performance metrics for project management integrated to balances scorecard system; development of a balanced scorecard system with perspectives of project management; studying of use of created balanced scorecard system to evaluate projects. Any previous work in the area of project and project management, and performance measurement will be illustrated in literature review. The approach of how the balanced scorecard and project management methodologies will be integrated is shown in methodology section. Literature Review Project and Project Management Project A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service with a definite start time and end (PMBOK @ 2004). This uniqueness is a consequence of the difference in some way from the â€Å"normal† product delivered by an organization. Furthermore, every project is constrained in different ways by scope, time and cost and is defined by discrete activities which are related to each other and linked together over the project lifecycle. Figure 1 shows the constraints of a typical project. Moreover, a project consumes limited resources such as human, time, money, machines, facilities, and materials and requires specific skills to manage and execute and finally produces tangible deliverables according to stakeholder’s requirements. Figure 1 – Project Constrains Source: James Norrie,  Ã‚  Derek H T Walker., â€Å"A Balanced Scorecard Approach to Project Management Leadership†,  Ã‚  Project Management Journal.   Sylva: Dec 2004.   Vol. 35,   Iss. 4,   p.  47-56  (10  pp.) Project Stakeholders The project stakeholders are the parties who have positive or negative impacts on project performance and outcomes. The major sta keholders have direct authority to change the elements of the triple constraint. The Figure 2 illustrates the major stakeholders of a typical project. The figure also shows that, an internal part of an organization can recognized as stakeholders. Figure 2 – Project Main Stakeholders Source: Adopted from: PMI, (2004), PMBOK @ 2004 Project Management Keeping projects on-time, within budget and achieving a high level of quality of scope is difficult. Problems are due to poorly conducted analysis and design, but many also suffer from poor leadership and management. Project management is the planning, execution and controlling of project activities to achieve project objectives. Objectives include time, cost and scope or managing the triple constraints. Based on PMBOK @ 2004 definition, project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities in order to meet or exceed stakeholder needs or expectations from a project.

Reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

Reaction paper - Essay Example As a reaction to the freeing of slaves, some Southerners had resulted in killing government couriers as well as soldiers. The Southerners had indulged in an opposition against the Union, a factor that contributed to a complete absence of patriotism. Such factors explained why the president wanted Schurz to compile a report concerning the views of the Southerners. This paper will critically analyze some of the aspects discussed in the report presented by Schurz. In the report, Schurz discussed the attitudes of Southerners towards African Americans. The Southerners had harbored a belief that African Americans were unable to work without any form of compulsion (Johnson 309). In their view, African Americans could only be productive, if there were white masters compelling them to undertake tasks. In my view, this was a misconception because African-Americans could make a living by working as free people. The problem in the Southern States was that freed slaves never received the right opportunities to exploit their potential. In addition, the slave masters had spent several years with African Americans, but they did not understand their true characters. The report does highlight that the slave masters viewed African Americans as very deceitful. However, many African Americans serving as slaves were smart enough to hide their strategies from the masters. The Southerners also believed that African Americans only existed for one purpose. In their view, the purpose was cultivating cash crops such as cotton and rice (310). They opined that African Americans were not in a position to pursue their happiness. Such assumptions were wrong, African Americans had the will to pursue happiness, and their only barrier was slavery (308). The report also reveals that there were high levels of persecution directed towards African Americans

Case Study Based Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Study Based Report - Essay Example Samsung electronics was a brand that was known for producing cheap products. It used to make black and white television and calculators from the year 1969 to 1990. But then things started to change. Samsung unveiled a new strategy called â€Å"new management† which was a top to bottom strategy for the whole company. In the year 2009, Samsung reached a revenue of $117 billion with profit of $8.3 billion. Inter-brand selected Samsung as the fastest growing brand for a time span of more than five years. Samsung electronics became one of the leading producers of semiconductors. Samsung became one of the largest consumer electronic conglomerates in the world. As a brand, Samsung also got listed in the list of Fortune Magazine’s hundred largest global corporations. ... Hence, the main focus should be on as to what are the factors that led to such a massive transformation. Based on the case analysis it can be figured out that the Top to bottom strategy adopted by Lee Byung Chull had three important factors that were instrumental is providing strategic direction to the company. The three main factors happened to be the new product development process, adoption of product test marketing and positioning strategy of the products (Czinzota, Ronkainen, Moffett, Marinova & Marinov, 2009, pp. 423-429). New Product development focus Samsung hired some new fresh young designers to get a set of fresh ideas. These designers unleashed a surge of new products. The product development team focused on producing sleek, beautiful and bold products to target high end user in terms of product quality. The difference with the past was that the team was not looking to produce â€Å"me-too† products. The concentration of the company on new product development, exis ting product improvement and overall R&D was the key (Henry, 2008, p. 89). Adoption of the test marketing concept Product test marketing is an actually one of the steps of the new product development. In order to be a really â€Å"Wow† product each and every product produced by the company started going through market testing. Products that did not a get â€Å"Wow† feedback from the customers went back to the design lab. Samsung started conducting integrated tests of the products as well as the total marketing program including branding, advertising, distribution, packaging, segmentation, targeting, positioning at each and every marketing and budgeting levels. This helped the management to get valuable information regarding the â€Å"go or no go

Bioreactor Landfill versus Traditional Landfill Essay

Bioreactor Landfill versus Traditional Landfill - Essay Example Waste degradation is achievable through aeration and addition of liquid to the disposed waste material to increase the rate of microbial processes. As a result, there is an increase in the activity of bacteria and consequential increase in the decomposition rate. The method is an improved â€Å"dry tomb† approach used by ancient municipalities (the United States Environmental Protection Agency). Bioreactor landfills are multi-design and correspond with the operational approach used (the United States Environmental Protection Agency). There are different types of bioreactor landfills in the contemporary society. As a result, several characteristics of bioreactor landfills are dependent on configuration type. Bioreactor landfills are classified according to the method of waste degradation used. Aerobic bioreactor landfill involves extraction of material from the bottom layer. It then moves to the liquid storage tanks through pipes and goes back to the landfill in a controlled and highly efficient process. The injection of air aids the bacteria activity on the waste (Hill 340). The aeration is achievable using horizontal and vertical wells where the air is piped through. The process stimulates aerobic activity and a consequential stabilization of waste. As a result, the process triggers the rate of decomposition. Anaerobic bioreactor landfill achieves waste stabilization by the addition of moisture into the waste material through repeated leachate circulation. The process achieves and maintains optimum moisture level (Hill 340). The process is anaerobic and biodegradation is done in absence of oxygen. Landfill gas is chemically known as methane is produced in the process. It is safely trapped to prevent greenhouse effect. The gas is used in energy projects. Hybrid bioreactor landfill increases waste degradation using aerobic-anaerobic treatment processes.  

In your study team you are required to analyse the UK Brewing Essay

In your study team you are required to analyse the UK Brewing industry. You have been provided with a report prepared by the Bri - Essay Example Further, governments are levying more and more taxes on this industry to regulate the monetary crisis. UK BEER INDUSTRY Beer is called the national drink of UK. However, the present statistics have reported that beer consumption has decreased in UK by 3.1% in last 12 months (BBPA, 2008, p. 3). This reduction in the consumption of beer is causing UK brewing industries to downsize and even close their breweries. There are a number of key factors that are causing the decrease in the rate of consumption of beer. Major factors causing the shift in consumption patterns can be categorized into change in trends, financial, political and economic issues. FACTORS AFFECTING UK BEER INDUSTRY CHANGE OF TRENDS The rate of beer consumption in UK has been affected hugely by the shift in trends that has resulted into a change of preferences. According to BBPA’s report, â€Å"Since 1979, per capita consumption of beer has fallen by 33 per cent.† (BBPA, 2008, p. 3) It further stated that â€Å"men fell from 17.2 units a week in 1998 to 14.9 in 2006. By women, it fell from 6.5 units to 6.3, having been at 7.6 in 2002† (BBPA, 2008, p. 8). ... Beer used to be a popular drink a century ago, but today the introduction of sodas, various juices and drinks have lessened its charm and popularity despite being UK’s national drink. 2. Demographic Shift The migration and settlement of the people from all over the world in UK can also be regarded as an important factor in lowering the rate of consumption of beer. The ever increasing population of Muslims in UK has also resulted in the reduction of alcohol consumption as Muslims refrain from drinking beer and other alcoholic products. 3. Ban The ban on alcohol consumption within workplaces is also affecting the sale of beer. A restriction on drinking alcoholic products while travelling has also led to a reduction in the sales of beer as a lesser number of people want to go against the law. Though there are toasts raised and wines served in social gatherings and business parties, the average decrease is quite prominent. 4. Health Consciousness The increase in the health conscio usness is also causing people to avoid drinking alcohol. It is further promoted by anti drug agencies and nutritionists who regard alcohol as an additional burden on the wallet, a threat to lives of drinkers and the people around them, and a ticket to one’s journey to prison cells. FINANCIAL ISSUES Along with the changing trends, financial issues are affecting the brewing industry badly. People have found things more important to buy than a pint of beer. Beer is now considered as a luxury since it has become extremely expensive due to the imposition of new government regulations. Major factors contributing to the financial issues causing lesser consumption of beer include the ever increasing prices of beer, lesser affordability due to unemployment and

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

Sociology - Essay Example It is the separation of economy and state† (Capitalism, socialism and Mixed-Economy, 2007). According to Przeworski (1990) capitalist economic system working under a totalitarian political one is possible. In most cases, capitalism requires a democratic political system in which to function. Likewise a socialist economic system can be either part of Communism or Socialism. Thus capitalist economic institutions under totalitarian governments (for instance, Fascist or Communist) become generally more centralized, more planned, and rely less or not at all on a free market. Capitalism, therefore, requires a democratic political environment if it is to exist and function. It should be recognized that state ownership, and control, and planning produce a bureaucracy and power situation which may latently provide the basis for totalitarianism. Socialism means †control of property is put into the hands of society as a whole† (Capitalism, socialism and Mixed-Economy, 2007). The classical argument for the perfectly competitive, and free market has therefore been under considerable attack for some years. The weak point of socialist system is that it rests on collectivism which limits free market operations and economic performance. One of the most obvious features of collectivism as an economic system is the absence of the right of private persons to hold property. Property rights of a sort might exist under an absolute dictatorship to the extent that the dictator personally controls all resources in the economy, which he would then regard as his personal property. In a collectivist society there are no market prices to help guide the dictator by serving as indicators of expected benefit and expected cost, and enabling him objectively and meaningfully to record the benefits and costs of each undertaking. A ‘mixed economy’ is a combination of capitalism and socialism which help to achieve the best economic

Project finance deals usually require some form of Governmental Essay

Project finance deals usually require some form of Governmental support. What Governmental or Legislature actions create better - Essay Example It can be well depicted from the definition provided by Benjamin C. Esty, which states that â€Å"Project finance involves the creation of a legally independent project company financed with equity from one or more sponsoring firms and non-recourse debt for the purpose of investing in a capital asset†3. Project financing include various features which in turn develops the entire process to be complex and multifaceted. Few of the major characteristics involved in project financing relates to the nature of the contract among the project company and the parties who are financially responsible for the completion of the project. Project financing also involves the legal agreement between the financially accountable parties and the project company, focussed on the availability of cash to assist the operational expenditures and fulfil the requirements of debt services in any circumstances. Another major attribute of project financing is that the process includes a legal consent from the involved parties which intends to secure the process of the project financially in case of any defaults arising even after the completion of the project. Thus, the process involves various risks in form of credit and commercial threats4. The basic features identifiable from the above provided description and definitions of project financing imply that it is a legal process and requires strong and effective regulatory interventions in its course to reduce the risks involved. This signifies the role of government to be quite significant in structuring the legislative actions concerned with minimisation of risks involved in project financing. However, in project financing, not only the regulatory frameworks, but other macro-economic factors also play crucial roles which can be controlled by governmental support. Based on this thought, the paper will intend to recognise and critically evaluate the governmental measures that can effectively support project financing in the modern day context. The Complex Structure of Project Finance With a general point of view, it can be stated that project finance intends to create an entity which is based on a special-purpose and aimed at the achievement of a particular goal, unlike any other commercial institution. For instance, an entity created with the aim to develop a power plant or a petrochemical unit or a toll road or even railways and operate it with the sole purpose for serving the state5. Thus, it is quite apparent that the purpose of project finances is predominantly broad which involves multiple facets and disciplines for its achievement. It is in this context that the structure of project finances are divided into two broad disciplines, i.e. the development of the project and finance. Both the disciplines are termed to be quite significant. The progress of the project deals with the functions performed by corporate players entitled to develop the project. Similarly, the finance discipline concentrates on the fu nding of the project representing the relationship between the financial lenders and the project development6. According to the experts, project financing is a complex process which involves mu

MENTAL STATUS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MENTAL STATUS - Essay Example The MSE is a systematic collection of data gathered from a patient while the patient is in full view of the psychiatrist in order to detect signs and symptoms of a mental disorder. It is structured like an interview or an informal inquiry to put the patient at ease in order to be able to obtain good answers to both closed and open-ended questions. It can be supplemented with a structured written test to further test the patients mental capacity and cognition. All the data that can be gathered will be recorded under specific headings known as standard domains. In psychiatry, domains are the specific classifications of a mental state characterized by the following factors which clinicians use to analyze a mental patient: appearance, attitude, mood & affect, thought process, thought content, perception, cognition, insight and judgment. All these domains are observed in the patient to fully determine the mental status. The other domains include behavior or activity, speech and language (Gehlert & Browne, 2006, p. 215). The MSE tries to elicit a patients perspective and also incorporates the observations made by the clinician. Domains indicate a specific mental function (Frankel & Myatt, 2003, p. 28). Awareness of a mental patients cultural background can help to establish rapport and trust right at the outset of the interview process. This is because cultural factors can influence the outcome and results of the data-gathering exercise so it is important clinicians know about a patients specific culture. For example, some cultures can emphasize the avoidance of any eye contact for prolonged periods of time which may be misinterpreted by the psychiatrist if he is not aware of a patients cultural background (Hersen & Turner, 2003, p. 22). A patients culture may also consider avoiding eye contact as a sign of deference to a higher authority and so people got accustomed to not looking a person straight in the eye which in

Ethical Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Ethical Decision Making Essay Abstract Ethics is the branch of philosophy that examines questions of morality, or right and wrong. In this paper we will discuss the philosophical approaches used in ethical decision making. The two approaches that will be elaborated on are the utilitarian approach and the universal approach. Several questions will be addressed, (1) what is the utilitarian and universal approach? (2) How do we use them in the ethical decision making process and (3) examples of how it relate in the field of Criminal Justice? When conflict arises it’s not always possible to decide who is right or wrong; however our moral responsibility is to resolve problems to the best of our ability. The utilitarian and universal theories are two of several philosophical approaches or methods that can be implemented when making these types of decisions (Zalta Geoff, 2008). The Utilitarian Approach: Utilitarianism is one of the most powerful and persuasive approaches to normative ethics in the history of philosophy. The utilitarian approach to ethical decision making focuses on taking the action that will result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people. It also focuses on the consequences of the course of action and policy, as well as the affects it has on the well-being of the people directly or indirectly impacted by that action or policy. This approach is used to promote the welfare of everybody by maximizing benefits and minimizing harm (Zalta Geoff, 2008). For instance, when faced with a situation your first thought or question is what should you do? Once you assess the situation then you would apply which ethical decision is the best action to take. If you implement the utilitarian approach you did so with the intent of producing the greatest balance over harm. Utilitarianism offers a relatively straightforward method for deciding the morally right course of action for any particular situation we may find ourselves in. In the criminal justice field this approach can be widely used. To discover what we ought to do in any situation, we first identify the various courses of action that we could perform. Second, we determine all of the foreseeable benefits and harms that would result from each course of action for everyone affected by the action. And third, we choose the course of action that provides the greatest benefits after the costs have been taken into account (Velasquez, Claire, Shanks, S.J). The Universal Approach: The universal approach to ethical decision making is similar to the Golden Rule. The golden rule is best interpreted as â€Å"Treat others as you want to be treated†. Universalism argues that knowledge can and should be applied to everyone in every similar situation (Williams Arrigo, 2008). This approach can be taken in two steps. First, determine whether or not a particular action should be applied to all people under all circumstances. Second, decide if you would be willing to have that same rule to you. This approach claims that ethical principles hold for all and not for some, it is for everybody without exception (Williams Arrigo, 2008). In other words if you act a certain way towards another and are not willing to be treated in that same regard than you are in violation of the universal rule. To apply the universal approach correctly we need to take into consideration the effects our decision making have on other people’s lives. We also have to be able to imagine ourselves in the other person’s shoes on the receiving end of the action. Imagine you are a police officer in pursuit of what seems to be a drunk driver, while in pursuit the drunk driver hits a pregnant woman crossing the street. What do you do, do you stop for her and leave a drunk driver on the road, or do you call the accident in and continue to pursue the drunk driver to keep him from potentially killing himself and others. The utilitarian approach would more likely call for back up and continue after the drunk driver, but if we use this same example and compare it to the universal approach, the question then becomes what would you want done to you. Both philosophical approaches are infused with flaws, the use of â€Å"utilitarian† thinking is not always clear of what form of action should be taken or if the action you took will have a favorable outcome for the majority. It is difficult to judge what decision will supply the best way to respond to a situation. The universal approach unlike the utilitarian bases its decisions on the facts that the action taken is best for everyone regardless of the situation or the difference in people. My choice between the two is somewhat tossed, because my belief is that you should do unto other as you would want done to you, but at the same time my desire to ensure the greatest number of success is important to me as well. Within the Judicial system decisions are made with or without the input of others; however it is our moral obligation to ensure that we make the best ethical decisions that we can, because every decision somehow directly or indirectly affects someone else. References Velasquez, M., Claire, A., Shanks, M. M., S.J. (n.d.). Markula Center for Applied Ethics. Retrieved from Santa Clara University: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/thinking.html Williams, C. R., Arrigo, B. A. (2008). Is Morality Relative? The variability of Norms and Values. In C. R. Williams, B. A. Arrigo, Ethics, Crime and Criminal Justice (p. 77). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. Zalta, E. N., Geoff, S.-M. (2008). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosphy : http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/metaethics/

Theoretical Framework Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Framework Essay Amongst the continued violence between Sudan government’s Army and Minnawi’s SLM/A, Minni Arcua Minnawi, was sworn as the senior assistant to Sudan’s President Omar Al-Bashir. This appointment was a result of the agreement that was signed by the SLM/A and the government in the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA).   The Darfur Peace Agreement was signed on May 5, 2006 between the Sudan’s government and the various factions in the country that were involved in civil war since the last five decades. It would be worthwhile if we can go through the disturbing history of Sudan which has hardly known what peace is since its independence. â€Å" The Sudan Peace Process – A comparison of the Addis Abba Peace agreement of 1972 and the Comprehensive Peace agreement of 2005† by Sara Basha in March 2006 not only gives a comprehensive review of the violent past of the country but also compares the two most important peace agreements in the country that promised peace to its people. According to Sara Basha, the reason the tension started brewing in the country was the divided rule that the Britishers implemented. They had demarcated such a strong line between the north Sudan and South Sudan that people no more got along each other. The Britisher’s deliberate emphasis on the North in terms of governance, business and appreciation led to its growth as more developed and rich when compared to south. In fact, at the time of independence, there was only one school in the whole of south Sudan. Over time, religion and ethnic differences also contributed to the conflict thereby making it a North Arabs vs. South Christians war. Sara Basha’s review gives a clear outline of the two civil wars that was fought in the country. The first civil war broke out immediately after independence, i.e., from 1955 and it lasted till 1972 when the Addis Abba Peace Agreement was signed. There was period of ten years of null when the people of Sudan first tasted peace. The agreement was signed under the rule of General Jaffer Nemeiri who was quite instrumental and influential in Sudan’s political history. It was due to his compliance and non-compliance of the agreement that failed the whole peace process. The first civil war, as Sara Basha reveals, was fought for South Sudan’s autonomy from the oppressive North. The Addis Abba Agreement sought to address that issue and South Sudan was given regional autonomous powers. Peace, according to Sara, was brought in to the picture when both the parties dutifully observed the conditions in the agreement. However, from 1977, hitherto peace-engaging ruler, Nemeiri started Islamization of the whole country and in 1983, imposed some new decrees and division of the south Sudan into three provinces without even consulting the regional heads of the South. That proved the last straw and the second civil war broke out which lasted for twenty one painful years. As Sara mentioned, this time the reason cited was not autonomy but a â€Å"New Sudan†. The faction fighting wanted a united Sudan that would ensure a fresh beginning to the nation.   The war ended in 2005 when the Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed between the Government and SLM/A. This historical agreement was signed in January 2005. The review states the various provisions in the agreement that can work wonders if they were followed strictly. The review also questions how effective this peace process can be. Provided the non-compliance of the conditions in the previous peace agreement by the Government, the review does seem a bit pessimistic about the outcome of the process. It specially mentions the not-so-enthusiastic face the government has managed to put forth about the power sharing between the rebel factions and it. Moreover, the transition of the SLM/A from a rebel faction to a governing body was also under question. The current study seeks to fill this gap and gives the situation post-2005 when the implementation of CPA started. The Sara Basha’s review had come up with a hypothesis that the CPA can bring lasting peace in the country if both the sides adhere to it. The current study gives further credence to this hypothesis as it clearly explains the steps taken by the Sudanese government to implement the provisions. The election of Minnawi in the cabinet, the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA), the efforts to resolve problems with the Eastern Front give weight to the whole peace process. There are, however, continued reports of deteriorating situation in the country where the human rights have been violated unabashedly. This partly answers the various questions and hypothesis raised by Sara Basha’s review. Though the current review does not explicitly state that the peace process would be a failure, the unabated violence in the country definitely leaves much to be desired. The current review cleared lot of gaps that Sara Basha’s review sought in future reviews. One of the main issues was the Darfur conflict and others that it could not cover. The current review not only covers that but also gives insights in to the latest developments in the issue. And the latest development doesn’t yet give promise of the lasting peace that Sara Basha’s review wished for.       References Basha, Sara. 2006. Sudan Peace Process: A comparison of Addis Abba Peace Agreement of 1972 and the comprehensive peace agreement of 2005. Online. Available from internet, http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/politics/depnews/ProposalPresentations/2006/Proposal%20Basha%20S%2017mar06.doc

Globalization Free Trade

Globalization Free Trade Global Deregulation: Risks and Opportunities in the Area of Free Trade INTRODUCTION Globalization has been one of the major driving forces for achieving the concept of a ‘borderless world and society. This period only shows that the world is innovating and becoming smaller not in terms of its size but in means of transportation, communication, and exchange of ideas. As this aspect of modernization happens, every country in the whole world is compelled to adapt to changes just like what Great Britain did during the Industrial revolution. Changes include trade liberalization, floating exchange rates, market driven economies, and improve financial sector that can cope up with the fast pace of transactions between different countries regardless of their locations with each other. The concept of deregulation has become known in the era of globalization. Deregulation, the opposite of regulation, aims to allow countries markets to move freely and make them very accessible from other states. This involves removing barriers or restrictions of trade which enables other countries with free access of goods and services of a certain state. Deregulation of trade can contribute either positively or negatively to developed countries and the developing states. This research paper discusses the different measures, policy reforms, and trade agreements the core countries and the peripheries have taken in response to the trends of globalization. This research paper also tries to identify the positive and negative impacts of the concept of deregulation on the era of globalization. To be more specific, the paper will focus on the notion of free trade system as well as other aspects that is affected by globalization like the banking industry. These aspects are needed for free trade security on both countries that are integrating with each other. GLOBAL DEREGULATION Heinemann (2006) reports that deregulation in the past two decades has materialized as international mobility of goods, services and factors also increase. The impact of these things hit the regulatory structures of markets and prompted them to undergo changes. He also mentions that deregulation enhances globalization trends. However, Heinemann asks the question of â€Å"how and to which extent increasing cross-border factor mobility will impact on regulatory equilibrium in the fields of labor, financial market, and trade or product regulation?† (Heinemann, 2006) Heinemann (2006) argues deregulation based from economic evidences is driven by trade openness and capital mobility in a limited fashion. Based from evidences gathered, he concludes that labor market regulation results in to trade openness. He adds that national divergence from deregulations as influenced by globalization is not related clearly to the economic integration on global capital, goods and services markets. (Heinemann, 2006) Banking Industry In the U.S. Banking Industry the regulatory structure of existing banks started to decline in the 1980s. This was due to improvements in technology, increased incidences of holding companies and competition from emerging firms that also provide banking services. To be able to cope up with these challenges, the US Banking Industry submitted itself to deregulation measures. (Becher, Campbell Ii, and Frye, 2003) Deregulation, together with changing technology and fast consolidation, flourished in the 1990s. To start with, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Act was enacted in 1991 which adopted a â€Å"least-cost resolution method and prompt resolution approach† for failing banks. (Becher et al., 2003) It also directed the creation of a â€Å"risk-based deposit insurance assessment scheme.† In the year 1994, another act was ratified as law in the name of Riege-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act. This law removed the restrictions on interstate banking and branching which was in effect for 70 years, and also took out the regulatory burden and paperwork requirements of banks. This was followed by the Economic Growth and Regulatory Paperwork Reduction Act of 1996 which edited the regulations concerning the flow of credit from lending institutions to various businesses and consumers. It also introduced the mortgage lending process. (Becher, Campbell Ii, and F rye, 2003) Free Trade For the European Union, deregulation of markets plays an important role for the growth of its large corporations. In order to achieve that, the Union initiates Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with other countries and regions of the world. In their FTA with Mexico, which was enforced in 2000, the Union got 95 percent deregulation for goods and services, together with North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) paritys inclusion of provisions in investment, procurement, trade facilities and competition rules. After their Global Agreement with Mexico, EU promoted free trade agreements the Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements (IPPA) with Latin American countries. Two years later, the Union had also made Chile to sign to another Global Agreement. (Reveles and Rocha, 2007) In 2006, the Union underwent major reforms in its trade policies. On October 2006, EU issued a strategy paper entitled: Global Europe: Competing in the World. This new trade policy reform encourages complete deregulation of markets. Reveles and Rocha (2007) mention other measures presented in the paper by the European Union: (1)† reducing non-tariff barriers for EU exports and investments, (2) increasing access to raw materials, (3) guaranteeing energy supplies by expanding trade in third countries energy sectors, (4) reinforcing the presence of EU corporations in emerging markets, (5) opening up public procurement markets, (6) improving implementation of anti-dumping mechanisms, and (7) implementing intellectual property rights.† (p. 6) The European Union has also started negotiating Free Trade Agreements with Andean Community of Nations and Central America in the Latin America, South Korea, India, and Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). The World Bank (2002) reports that the average tariff rates of developing countries have been reduced in half from 30 percent in the early 1980s to 15 percent in the late 1990s. Martin (1997) notes that the reduction of tariff rates from developing countries is higher than the industrial countries and â€Å"decreases from a higher level are likely to have much greater welfare benefit than corresponding decreases from a lower base.† World Bank (see Figure 1) adds that the reductions have been great in South Asia, Latin America, and East Asia. While in areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, and North America, free trade was in a limited extent. Aside from the reduction in tariffs, quota coverage and foreign exchange restrictions declined which enables trade liberalization to develop widely. (World Bank, 2002) John Audley (2003) reports the initial challenges faced by the Latin American and Caribbean countries. These challenges include: (1) growing national economies, (2) creating good jobs, and (3) generating necessary revenues in order to afford basic public goods like human health and environmental protection. Their expected annual growth of workforce of 1.9 percent from 2001 2010 will be a burden since the last two decades; there were insufficient jobs to provide the growing population. The weak economic performance also resulted to 150 million people of Latin American and Caribbean according to the Inter-American Development Bank earning less than $2 per day. Mexico, the major trading partner of EU and United States, faced the challenges also encountered by the Latin American countries. Facing a major economic crisis in 1982, President Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado of Mexico decided to make the country export oriented. To further enhance their international trade, Mexico joined the Gen eral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The next president, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari, continued the measures of his predecessor by â€Å"reducing the size of the public sector, promoting land ownership reform, and securing a commitment from the United States and Canada in 1991 to negotiate a free-trade agreement.† (Audley, 2003, p. 6) In order to provide measure to solve these problems in the Latin America and Caribbean, thirty-four (34) governments located at the Western Hemisphere met in 1994 to address the following: advancing prosperity, democratic values and institutions, and security. So they formed the Free Trade Area of Americas (FTAA) because many government officials who attended the meeting believed that free trade will help the failing economies to recuperate. (Audley, 2003) The governments of Latin American countries have been involved in 17 free trade agreements with members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Last January 2003, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the United States announced the start of the comprehensive trade negotiations. (Audley, 2003) Razeen Sally (1999) describes how the â€Å"less-than-rich countries (developing countries) have been gaining positive breaks in the international trade and investment since the 1980s. She reports that the share of developing countries in the world manufactured exports doubled from 10 percent to 20 percent. This assessment is similar on the observations of the World Bank. One-third of the worlds foreign direct investment (FDI) is from them, which increased from 14 percent in the 1980s. The World Bank estimates that their shares in world trade and output could reach around 50 percent and 30 percent respectively in the year 2020. The developing countries also show their presence in the international scene through the World Trade Organization (WTO) wherein they account to over three-fourths of the total membership. (Sally, 1999) S.M. Shafaedin (2005) identifies two (3) main reasons of upgrading the export structure as well as production capacity: (1) for essential sustainability of exports, (2) for assistance in â€Å"technological development and spillover effects† to the economy by the export sectors, and (3) for reduction of economic vulnerability to â€Å"external factors, balance of payments crisis, fallacy of composition, and terms of losses. (Shafaedin, 2005, p. 11) Wacziarg and Welch (2003) report the increasing number of open countries from 1960 to 2000. As were countries having open trade policies. In the year 2000, the number rose to 73 percent (47% of world population) of the countries in the world are considering international trade. (Wacziarg and Welch, 2003) Sally (1999) also reports that in the last 15 years, trade policies concerning overseas have changed and they were followed by trade reforms. Over thirty-three (33) developing countries shifted from closed economies to open markets from 1985 to 1995. Also in the same period of time, the number of liberal countries in terms of â€Å"cross-border capital movements† increased dramatically from 9 to 30. (Sally, 1999, p. 2) Not only those, since the year 1990 almost 75 percent of the transition regimes have undergone liberalization in trade and payments which resulted into the â€Å"most dramatic episode of trade liberalization the world has ever seen.† (Sally, 1999, p. 2) However, Sally (1999) addresses the depth of adjustment and reforms the different countries did in trade policy. The author sees the liberalization of trade policy as â€Å"very patchy and uneven†. (Sally, 1999, p. 2) She mentions the East Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe have liberalized expansively. Their deregulation of trade is accompanied by â€Å"macroeconomic stabilization, internal price liberalization, privatization, and industrial reforms.† (Sally, 1999, p. 2) While Africa, Middle East, South Asia, Southeastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have done liberalization measures in a limited manner. Wacziarg and Welch (2003) provide reason to the differences in the depth of adjustment in trade policies. In their study of 13 developing countries, Wacziarg and Welch (2003) find out countries that experienced positive outcomes in economic growth pursued and deepened trade policies. On the other hand, countries that experience negative impacts or neutral effects on economic growth encoutered â€Å"political instability, [contracting] macroeconomic policies in the aftermath of reforms or to actively counteract trade reform by shielding domestic sectors from necessary adjustments.† (Wacziarg and Welch, 2003, p. 29) Dennis Arnold (2004) reports on the efforts of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations to liberalize and deregulate in trade. The economic policymakers of these countries are finding possibilities in expanding the bilateral, regional and multilateral trade relations and investment. It includes: (1) ASEAN-US dialogue in the Enterprise for ASEAN Initiative (EAI), (2) ASEAN-Japan and ASEAN-China free trade initiatives, (3) ASEAN Plus Three (APT) plan which will include China, Japan, and Korea, (4) ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement (ANZCERTA) free trade agreement, and the Trans-Regional EU-ASEAN Trade Initiative (TREATI) in 2003. (Arnold, 2004) After the post war years, Urata (2002) reports that globalization was on a fast pace during those years because of â€Å"multilateral trade negotiations of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), trade liberalization and investment, deregulation and privatization of national industries; and increasingly cheaper cost of foreign trade from technological developments in telecommunications and transportation.† (Urata, 2002, p. 20) Urata also highlights the trend of regionalism that was developed along with globalization. The European Economic Community (EEC) which was formed in 1958 is the earliest region bloc brought by the development of regionalism in Western Europe. The trend continued in the 1990s when Free Trade Agreements (FTA) emerged as the driving force towards regional integration. By September 2001, there were 239 regional trade agreements (RTAs) wherein 162 of them remained in force. (Urata, 2002) Urata (2002) believes that deregulation can help in revitalizing the economy. However for other countries like Japan, domestic politics has been an obstruction for future regulation reforms. So the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) has become the driving force in pressuring these governments to institute regulation reforms. The†gaiatsu† or external pressure was first done by the United States in bringing domestic regulation in Japan. (Urata, 2002) IMPACTS OF DEREGULATION Opportunities for Free Trade Trade deregulation among the developing countries contributed to huge increases in exports and imports. This is manifested by the increase in the export of manufactured goods from 40 percent in 1980 to 80 percent in 1998. This effect led to the increase in shares of the developing countries in the world economy as well as liberalization of country trade for the developing states. (World Bank, 2002) Sally (1999) reports countries that have undergone extensive trade deregulations resulted to higher economic growths while countries that have partially liberalized ended in lower growths or even negative economic growths. Urata (2002) reports that since the 1970 deregulation accompanied by the removal of domestic regulations made easy for developing countries in East Asia like China and Taiwan, and industrialized countries like United States and United Kingdom to have high economic growth. The reason for the economic growth is the strong competition which drives incompetent and inefficient firms out of the market and gives opportunities for competitive companies to flourish in the world market. (Urata, 2002) Perry and Olarreaga (2006) concluded that trade reforms in Latin America contributed positively in the fight against poverty. Trade reforms reduce poverty by measures of reducing the consumption bundle of the poor people. The reforms also helped in limiting the cases of unemployment. The authors see trade reforms as significant because â€Å"as the income of the poor increases with trade reform, poverty traps become easier to avoid and the poor may be more able to undertake the necessary investments to adjust in the presence of market failures† like the absence of credit or insurance. (Perry and Olarreaga, 2006, p. 37) Ganesh Seshan (2005) studies that the impact of the distribution of trade policies on households in low-income, agricultural countries, where imperfect labor markets exist. In the authors study on Vietnam, results show that trade liberalization did not worsen the income inequality but did improve the incomes of the rural households, at the expense of the urban households. Rural households experience more growth in their income distributions compared to the better-off rural households and urban households. (Seshan, 2005) The North American Free Trade Agreement has produced positive impacts on Mexico in terms of exports and imports, and the foreign direct investments (FDI). The exports of Mexico increased three times from $67.5 billion to $187.4 billion from 1993 2002. Mexicos FDI in the same period totaled more than $124 billion, with the investments from the US leaping by 204 percent. Its labor productivity has also risen by 45 percent since 1995. For the imports and exports, the United States has been Mexicos major trading partner with 65 percent of imports from the US and 89 percent of its exports going to US. (Arnold, 2004) US legislations concerning the deregulatory measures of the banking industry gained improvements in monetary value. Brook, Hendershott, and Lee (1998) report the passage of the Riege-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 increased the value of the banking industry by $85 million. Not only that, deregulatory measures together with technological advancements removed the regulatory barriers and increased the investment opportunities of banks. Becher, Campbell Ii, and Frye (2003) also argue that deregulation in the banking industry has also led to increase in the use of â€Å"executive incentive-based compensation† however; there was no existing study that will describe deregulations effects on director compensation. (Becher, Campbell Ii, and Frye, 2003) Risks for Free Trade Weller and Hersh (2002) perceive deregulation as a negative force for trade markets as well as for capital markets. They argue that deregulated trade flows would result to into having more inequality in terms of income distribution, and more unregulated capital flows. Macro economically, these incidents would lead into economic stabilities and will affect the poor negatively. Based from their data gathered from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the United Nations, they find out that the â€Å"income share of the poor is generally lower in deregulated and macro economically less stable environments trade flows in more regulated environments may be good for growth and, by extension, for the poor in the long run†. (Weller and Hersh, 2002, p. 1) The reason for the unequal income share for the poor is the capital flows faster mobility in deregulated environments. â€Å"Faster capital mobility in a more deregulated environment can lead to rising inequality in the short and medium term, both within countries and between countries, and to less poverty reduction or even increasing poverty.† (Weller and Hersh, 2002, p. 4) They conclude based from the results of their study that trade, as well as capital flows, can be significant for economic growth and have no negative effects on the income shares of the poor in the long-run as long as the environment is regulated. (Weller and Hersh, 2002) Trade liberalization or what Weller and Hersh describe as the â€Å"complement to deregulated capital markets† has been criticized by a number of authors (Bannister and Thugge 2001; Mishel, et. al. 2001; Ocampo and Taylor 1998; Taylor 1996) in relation to the rising inequality. They argue that: â€Å"by inducing rapid structural change and shifting employment within industrializing countries that liberalize, trade leads to falling real wages and declining working conditions and living standards.† On the other hand some authors blame the ‘skill-biased technological change† as the main cause of inequality. (Weller and Hersh, 2002, p.5) Feenstra and Hanson (2001) support the argument by saying that skill-biased change is a possible effect of trade liberalization. Another issue that Weller and Hersh see on the removal of the barriers of trade is that it contributes to lower tariff revenues for developing countries. They used India as an example where in 40 percent of its tax revenues come from tariffs in the 1980s. Removing the barriers for trade will lower or remove the tariffs and thus, there would be changes in the structure of tax in order to fill up the shoes left by the tariff fees. â€Å"Restructuring tax regimes to offset lost tariff revenues takes time and introduces administrative costs. Even if trade liberalization were growth enhancing in the long-run, in the short-run revenue shortfalls may seriously constrain a governments ability to maintain spending on social services that benefit low-income households.† (Weller and Hersh, 2002, p. 5) Bronfenbrenner (1997, 2000) sees free trade as advantageous for employers in response for the workers pleads for their rights like higher wages and improved working conditions. The author argues that companies and factories are encouraged to either shut down their own workplaces and/or locate to other states wherein they will benefit the most. These benefits may be in the form of less strict labor regulations or lower taxes and wages. The negative implications will be felt by the workers because they cannot pressure strongly these companies for an increase in wages. As Weller and Hersh concludes in their article: â€Å"this trend fuels a race to the bottom in which national governments vie for needed investment by bidding down the cost to employers (and livings standards) of working people.† (Weller and Hersh, 2002, p. 5) Examples of these companies are the multinational companies which have Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) Industries that are located in many developing coun tries. The United Nations Conference on Trade Development (UNCTAD) (1997) reports that the liberalization of trade in many parts of Latin America has resulted to widening wage gap, falling real wages for unskilled workers and rising unemployment. Perry and Olarreaga (2006) identify four (4) main reasons why in Latin America and in several countries, trade liberalization resulted to increases in skill premiums and wage inequality: (1)† Relative factor endowments, as most Latin American countries are rich in natural resources (which, are in general complementary with capital and skills) and were more capital abundant than other developing countries with large pools of unskilled labor, such as China and India, that were already integrating into the world economy by the time of Latin American trade liberalization. (2) Dynamic effects of trade that led to an acceleration of skill-biased technical change and Schumpeterian creative destruction, which led to an increase in demand for skills in most industries. (3) Initial conditions and contemporary events that make predictions based on a simple factor abundance model difficult to generalize; for example the pre-reform structure of protection was biased towards unskilled intensive sectors in most LAC countries and tariff reductions naturally led to a relative increase in demand for skills, but differences in consumption bundles across income groups and exchange rate policies also complicate predictions. (4) The impact that trade reform had on imperfectly functioning labor markets, such as potential transitions in and out of unemployment, informality, as well as income volatility are likely to affect and sometimes change the direction of the impact of trade reforms on income inequality and poverty.† (Perry and Olarreaga, 2006, p. 1) Reveles and Rocha (2007) see the other dimension of the EU-Mexico Free Trade Agreement and the IPPA which made negative impacts on Mexico. The agreements not only brought severe effect on the social and economic conditions of Mexico but also left the Mexican state incapable of encouraging local and small businesses and enterprises. These medium to scale businesses were the ones hit hard by the agreements because the large companies of the European Union has dominated them. Mexicos industry which is the essential part for economic development has been increasingly controlled by the European Union. The financial sector of Mexico was also affected that it cannot provide credit for production and seeks assistance from the United States and EU. (Reveles and Rocha, 2007) Shafaedin (2005) mentions other setbacks of Mexico after the free trade agreements in relation to base industry: â€Å"In the important case of Mexico where exports grew extremely fast, acceleration of manufactured exports was not accompanied by an acceleration of MVA. Much upgrading of the industrial base did not take place and the non-maquila [factory] industries which performed better than others were those which had enjoyed high investment during import substitution era. (Shafaedin, 2005, p. 20) Dennis Arnold (2004) identifies the drawbacks of Mexico during the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) which badly affects its workers particularly the rural poor. The NAFTA has removed several agricultural sectors and pushed the wages and working conditions at the bottom on factories and non-factories. Audley (2003) notes five (5) points that will conclude the impacts of NAFTA to the Mexican economy as a whole: â€Å"NAFTA has not helped the Mexican economy keep pace with the growing demand for jobs. Unprecedented growths in trade, increasing productivity, and a surge in both portfolio and foreign direct investment have led to an increase of 500,000 jobs in manufacturing from 1994 to 2002. [However, employment reduced in the manufacturing sector because of import competition and substitution of foreign input in assembly operations. (Arnold, 2004)] The agricultural sector, where almost a fifth of Mexicans still work, has lost 1.3 million jobs since 1994. Real wages for most Mexicans today are lower than they were when NAFTA took effect. However, this setback in wages was caused by the peso crisis of 1994-1995—not by NAFTA. That said, the productivity growth that has occurred over the last decade has not translated into growth in wages. Despite predictions to the contrary, Mexican wages have not converged with U.S. wages. NAFTA has not stemmed the flow of poor Mexicans into the United States in search of jobs; in fact, there has been a dramatic rise in the number of migrants to the United States, despite an unprecedented increase in border control measures. Historical migration patterns, the peso crisis, and the pull of employment opportunities in the United States provide better explanations for the increase in migration than NAFTA itself. The fear of a â€Å"race to the bottom† in environmental regulation has proved unfounded. At this point some elements of Mexicos economy are dirtier and some are cleaner. The Mexican government estimates that annual pollution damages over the past decade exceeded US $36 billion per year. This damage to the environment is greater than the economic gains from the growth of trade and of the economy as a whole. More specifically, enactment of NAFTA accelerated changes in commercial farming practices that have put Mexicos diverse ecosystem at great risk of contamination from concentrations of nitrogen and other chemicals commonly used in modern farming. Mexicos evolution toward a modern, export oriented agricultural sector has also failed to deliver the anticipated environmental benefits of reduced deforestation and tillage. Rural farmers have replaced lost income caused by the collapse in commodity prices by farming more marginal land, a practice that has resulted in an average deforestation rate of more than 630,000 hectares per year since 1993 in the biologically rich regions of southern Mexico.† (Audley, 2003, p. 6-7) ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF DEREGULATION IN TRADE The period of globalization has brought the emergence of free trade agreements between countries, trading blocs and world organizations. Deregulation of trade by countries open up their markets for free access from other countries. As the risks and opportunities of global deregulation of trade are mentioned, several issues, problems, concerns are raised to address and assess the effects of deregulation in the overall conditions of the economies. Regionalism. The issue of regionalism has emerged in the era of globalization. With the creation of the European Union, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and other regional blocs, free trade began to materialize starting from within these regional blocs. Sooner these regional organizations started multilateralism in terms of international trade with other regional blocs or with other nations. Regionalism did not only open the markets of most countries but also enhanced regional integration between the member states. This regional integration also assisted developing countries to increase their potentials and develop. The deregulation of trade was imminent and become a factor for the current success of regionalism. Multinational Corporations. The emergence of multinational corporations created positive and negative effects on the deregulation of trade and investment in the world. The deregulation of developing countries enabled these large companies to establish business outsourcing companies in their territories which gave additional employment, and boosted the economies of the peripheral states. However, their dominance in the industry discouraged medium to small businesses and enterprises to invest and pursue in their own native lands. This was seen in the case of Mexico after the NAFTA and the EU-Mexico Free Trade Agreement. Rising Inequalities. This is an emerging concern based from the studies of Weller and Hersh (2002). Free trade can contribute to higher incomes and higher economic growth but the problem is on how these incomes are being distributed from the top, down to the bottom. The expansion of large corporations from abroad also contributed to the rising inequality between the poor and the rich since the growth most of the growth in income came from these big companies. Government subsidies for the poor could prevent the situation to worsen but long-term measures must be applied. However, Seshan (2005) showed that not all developing countries experience inequalities. In her study of Vietnam, liberalization raised the income distribution of the poor relative to the rich. To further address the differences, more focus in this area is significant for future studies. Poverty. Studies in trade deregulation of different countries especially in the Latin American countries showed that even though deregulation increases inequalities, the incidence of poverty is reduced. It is because the income of the poor has also increased and unemployment was lessened. Opportunities for income generation not only inside but also overseas were widened because of regional integration. Nationalism. This concept tells about the identity of every nation in the world. Nationalism is what keeps every nation unique and united. The trends of globalization brought by deregulation and free trade serve as challenges for keeping the sense of nationality in every citiz

Don Quixote Essay about created reality -- essays research papers

Othello Essay The novel Don Quixote, by Miguel Cervantes, is an exploration into the idea of created reality. Cervantes, through the character of Don Quixote, illustrates to readers how we as human beings often make reality to be whatever we want it to be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Don Quixote is a perfect example of â€Å"created reality.† The character Don Quixote is real, and he lives in a real world, but everything that he sees is exaggerated in his mind. It all begins with his name. Don Quixote was not actually a Don. He was a wealthy, intelligent farmer who read too many books about knighthood and went crazy. He convinced a simple-minded peasant named Sancho to become his squire, promising him wealth and a high spot in society. This book consists of many adventures these two had, both were convinced that they were doing brave and honorable acts of chivalry, when they were only two fools running around the countryside.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Don Quixote sees what his mind and imagination create, not that which is actually perceived through his eyes. He retreats to a world that holds meaning for him. When he first departs, he stops at an inn and his eyes make it a beautiful castle with blushing maids and noble sirs. Another example of Don Quixote’s rampant imagination is the famous windmill incident. Quixote believes the windmills he sees in the distance to be thirty monstrous giants. In this scene, Cervantes lets the reader know that Quixote has little grasp of ...

St. Boniface Essay -- Christian saints

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  St. Boniface, originally named Winfrith, was an extremely studious man, a converted monk, priest, missionary and finally martyr. Born in 672, near Exeter, England, St. Boniface at an early age developed a desire to follow the path of God and live a monastic life. Through non-stop prayer and religious practices, he tuned his mind and body to reach beyond the obstacles and enticements of everyday life at his young adult age. He was a major influence on society during his life and affected the lives and history of Germany permanently. Often called the â€Å"Apostle of Germany†, St. Boniface was a strong believer in the principles of the Church and truly wanted to open any pagan believers minds to the knowledgeable and rewarding path of the Christian life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his youth, St. Boniface encountered many priests or clerics who traveled from town to town. Through these spiritual conversations, it became evident to St. Boniface that he wanted to pursue a life with God. Eventually, after continuos begging and his fathers fatal sickness, he was sent to the care of the Monastery of Examchester. (Appleton) It is here, that St. Boniface expressed to the Abbot at the time, that he wanted to live a monastic life. The father of the monastery, after council, granted him his wish. Here is where the saint began to prove his love for God, and could begin his journey of the Christian life. After exceeding all expectations and surpassing the knowledge of his teachers, he moved to a neighboring monastery, called Nursling, whereby he studied under the influence of Abbot Winbert.(St. Boniface Church) Here he gained vast knowledge of scriptures and the spiritual exposition of the Bible. Here, he gained such a reputation that men and women f rom far and wide traveled to study scriptures under his guidance. At the age of 30 he was humbly ordained a priest and yet another branch of his life was fulfilled.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  St. Boniface once again yearned to explore and travel. Through such ventures he could express the meaning of God to non believers and convert as many as possible. After continuos begging, Abbot Winbert gave in and Boniface’s petition was granted. During this journey, Boniface’s first obstacle appeared. â€Å"King Radbod, the King of the Frisians, and Prince Charles, the noble Duke of the Franks broke out in ... ...spread their religion and did not stop until their death. It is interesting to find out that there were people like that , that dedicated so much of their lives for a cause. I am sure other saints accomplished as much as St. Boniface, but to my knowledge, he seemed like the most active and aggressive. He not only prayed for change, he went out and made it happen. He took journey’s that lasted years, traveled aimlessly at times, from one ship to another converting pagans and spreading the word as he went along. He even went on these missions in his elder years, though dangerous for his age, he continued until his death. Work Cited Page   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Appleton, Robert. â€Å"New Advent.† St. Boniface. 3 November 2004 . Dunney, Joseph. â€Å"Church History, St. Boniface† Catholic Information Network. 20 March 2004   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Garnett, Ken. â€Å"Medieval Church.org.uk† St. Boniface . St. Boniface Church. â€Å"So-Who was St. Boniface?† St. Boniface Church. 2002-2003   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Talbot, C.H. The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries in Germany. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1954.

The Character of Macbeth from Macbeth Essay example -- Macbeth essays

Macbeth from Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth we find a guilt and fear-ridden usurper of the throne of Scotland. Let us study this character in this essay.    A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy paints a portrait of Macbeth:    Macbeth, the cousin of a King mild, just, and beloved, but now too old to lead his army, is introduced to us as a general of extraordinary prowess, who has covered himself with glory in putting down a rebellion and repelling the invasion of a foreign army. In these conflicts he showed great personal courage, a quality which he continues to display throughout the drama in regard to all plain dangers. It is difficult to be sure of his customary demeanour, for in the play we see him either in what appears to be an exceptional relation to his wife, or else in the throes of remorse and desperation; but from his behaviour during his journey home after the war, from his later conversations with Lady Macbeth, and from his language to the murderers of Banquo and to others, we imagine him as a great warrior, somewhat masterful, rough and abrupt, a man to inspire some fear and much admiration. (322)    In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson tells how the audience is inclined to identify with such a rogue as Macbeth:    That such a man should sacrifice all the wealth of his human spirit - his kindness, his love, his very soul - to become a victim to continual fears, a tyrant ruthlessly murdering in the vain attempt to feel safe, finally to be killed like a foul beast of prey - this is terrible, and pitiful, too. Shakespeare has here achieved for us most poignantly the ambivalence of the tragic effect Aristotle described. We see the ne... ... Samuel. The Plays of Shakespeare. N.p.: n.p.. 1765. Rpt in Shakespearean Tragedy. Bratchell, D. F. New York, NY: Routledge, 1990.    Kemble, Fanny. "Lady Macbeth." Macmillan's Magazine, 17 (February 1868), p. 354-61. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Lamb, Charles. On the Tragedies of Shakespeare. N.p.: n.p.. 1811. Rpt in Shakespearean Tragedy. Bratchell, D. F. New York, NY: Routledge, 1990.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody's Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. http://chemicool.com/Shakespeare/macbeth/full.html, no lin.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.

Food and Beverage in Indonesia Essay

This document is one of a series of free information tools for exporters produced by New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise provides a wide range of standard services and sophisticated solutions that assist businesses through every stage of the export process. For information or advice, phone New Zealand Trade and Enterprise on 0800 555 888, visit www. nzte. govt. nz, or contact your New Zealand Trade and Enterprise client manager. CONTENTS 1 MARKET STRUCTURE 1. 1 Market Overview 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 2 2 Market Drivers Market Potential Import Trends Key Players in the Market Regulatory Sustainability 3 3 6 7 7 8 9 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 14 MARKET ENTRY AND DEVELOPMENT 2. 1 Market Entry Strategies 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 Points of Differentiation Long Term Strategic Issues for Exporters to Consider Distribution Channels Pricing 3 MARKET RESOURCES AND CONTACTS 2/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1 MARKET STRUCTURE Indonesia is the world’s fourth most populous country with a population of 232. 5 million in 2010, and the largest economy in Southeast Asia. In 2011, New Zealand’s food and beverage exports totalled US$468. 3 million, making Indonesia New Zealand’s 11th largest export destination. i In November 2011, Indonesia provided formal notification of the completion of its internal ratification procedures to enable the ASEAN – Australia – New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA). From 10 January 2012, AANZFTA will open up considerable opportunities for New Zealand businesses. The agreement will allow duty / tariff free access to over 90 percent of New Zealand goods and services by 2015. ii 1. 1 Market Overview In 2010 and 2011, dairy and meat products comprised over 76 percent of New Zealand’s food and beverage exports to Indonesia (2010: US$363 million; 2011: US$381 million). In 2010, Indonesia’s dairy and meat market was worth an estimated US$2 billion. The majority of the population in Indonesia, approximately 85 percent, are Muslim and all slaughtered food and meat (excluding pork) must have halal certification. iii 3/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1. 1. 1 Market by product category Packaged food In 2010, Indonesia’s packaged food market was valued at US$19. 1 billion. The sale of impulse and indulgence products (i. e. chocolates) grew due to increasing affluence. Nutrition and staples (i. e. rice) grew by 31 percent in 2010. Canned / preserved food had a high growth rate of 20 percent in 2010. Indonesia: Sales of Packaged Food by Category: Value 2005-2010 in million USD 2007 Packaged Food – Total Nutrition/staples (i. e. rice) Dried Processed Food (i. e. dessert mixes, instant soup) Impulse and Indulgence Products (i. e.chocolate coated biscuits) Bakery Dairy Noodles Baby Food Confectionery Meal Solutions (i. e. tomato pastes). Sweet and Savoury Snacks Oils and Fats Sauces, Dressings and Condiments Frozen Processed Food Ice Cream Canned/Preserved Food Chilled Processed Food Spreads Meal Replacement (i. e. breakfast bars) Pasta Ready Meals (i. e. instant pasta) Snack Bars Soup 13,110 7,876 4,089 4,148 2,111 1,484 1,340 1,257 1,287 1,086 779 759 477 263 245 200 63 62 13 11 4 0. 9 3 2008 14,307 8,798 4,642 4,318 2,201 1,540 1,487 1,398 1,329 1,190 812 909 499 306 269 230 68 65 15 12 4 3 3 2009 14,817. 9,167 4,909 4,404 2,238 1,596 1,526 1,496 1,360 1,244 832 845 510 327 278 251 68 66 16 13 4 3 3 2010 19,100 11,959 6,515 5,506 2,781 2,026 1,999 1,967 1,704 1,634 1,054 1,039 653 439 356 346 86 82 21 17 5 4 4 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: IDR/USD currency; [2007] 9141, [2008] 9699, [2009] 10389. 9, [2010] 9090. 4) 4/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 Fresh food In 2010, the fresh food market in Indonesia had a total volume of 48. 1 million tonnes, making Indonesia the fifth largest fresh food market in the world. During the period 20052010, demand of fresh food increased by 13 percent. iv Indonesia: Fresh food market in Indonesia in million tonnes Starchy Roots Fruits Vegetables Fish and Seafood Meat Sugar and Sweeteners Eggs Nuts Pulses 2007 14,985 10,386 9,095 5,016 1,969 1,778 743 671 222 2008 15,148 10,786 9,356 5,153 2,024 1,825 761 700 224 2009 15,309 11,147 9,613 5,291 2,078 1,872 777 730 227 2010 15,455 11,489 9,868 5,432 2,138 1,914 794 762 230 2011f 15,582 11,787 10,119 5,592 2,188 1,952 808 798 234 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: 2011 forecasts) Wineiv In 2011, the Indonesian wine market was worth approximately US$32 million (RP 275. 4 billion) and retail sales totalled 3. 1 million litres. Wine accounted for only 3 percent of total alcohol sales. Beer is considerably more popular as an alcoholic beverage. During the period 2008-2010, wine volume sales declined by 6 percent. While prices increased, the demand from Indonesian consumers with high disposable incomes and expatriates remained and the number of wine enthusiasts in Indonesia grew. The growth was influenced by western culture and wine events such as wine tasting, wine dinners and classes. The wine market showed an increase in sales by value of 61 percent during the period 2008-2010. v Indonesia: Wine Sales Off-trade Value in million USD Off-trade Volume in million litres 2006 12. 0 3. 3 2007 14. 0 3. 4 2008 15. 0 3. 4 2009 16. 0 3. 3 2010 28. 0 3. 2 2011 32. 0 3. 1 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: IDR/USD currency; [2006] 9159. 3, [2007] 9141, [2008] 9699, [2009] 10389. 9, [2010] 9090. 4, [2011] 8696. 1) 1. 1. 2 Market by distribution channel Mass grocery retail In 2011, traditional retailers, comprising small independent stores and open air markets, accounted for an estimated 77 percent of the total retail sales. vii 5/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 In the organised retail sector, Hypermarkets had the largest market share in 2010, with US$13. 6 billion in sales, followed by supermarkets (US$11 billion) and convenience stores / mini-markets (US$5 billion). During the period 2005-2010, supermarket sales increased by 112 percent, followed by hypermarkets (109 percent) and convenience stores / mini-markets (105 percent). Mass Grocery Retail Sector – Estimated Number of Outlets 2005 Total Convenience Stores / Mini-Markets Supermarkets Hypermarkets Source: Business Monitor International 2006 7,154 3,337 3,173 644 2007 8,530 3,953 3,830 747 2008 9,429 4,334 4,297 798. 2009 10,572 4,871 4,801 900 2010 11,524 5,299 5,252 973 5,912 2,758 2,652 502 1. 2 Market Drivers The following are viewed as key drivers for the food and beverage market in Indonesia: ? The food and beverage market in Indonesia grew in 2010, recovering from the worldwide recession. Purchasing power of middle and upper income consumers revived with an increase of disposable income. Political and economic conditions stabilised and the number of modern retail outlets and food service retailers grew. vi Consumers are embracing the health conscious trend seen throughout the world, as a result of exposure to health education through the media. vi To meet the increasing demand of educated and health conscious consumers, the Indonesian government has taken on initiatives such as the Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate project. Through this US$5 billion project, the government expects to produce almost 2 million tonnes of rice, 2 million tonnes of corn, 2. 5 million tonnes of sugar, 937,000 tonnes of palm oil,167,000 tonnes of soy beans and grazing land for 64,000 cattle. vii In April 2010, taxation on wine increased significantly resulting in an increase in wine prices. Approximately 45 percent of the cost paid by consumers is tax, including sales tax (VAT), excise and import tax. v While traditional markets still account for the majority of retail sales, they face greater pressure on market share as modern retail becomes more popular. While the government tried to discourage the rapid spread of modern retail, it wasn’t successful in enforcing its legislative regulations and modern retailers increased in numbers by using fake permits in some cases. iii ? ? ? ? 6/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1. 3 Market Potential The overall food consumption is forecast to grow by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9. 1 percent to 2015. vii Modern retail, such as hypermarkets are projected to increase in numbers as urban centres expand and demand increases for convenience and added-value products (i. e. rice and noodle ready-meals). However, most consumers in Indonesia remain price sensitive and private label will be a popular alternative as it is perceived as good value rather than cheap. vii The sale of alcoholic beverages is expected to decline with a CAGR of 2. 3 percent during 2010-2015. However, wine is forecast to grow with a CAGR of 1. 4 percent during 20102015 as wine is perceived to be a healthier option than other alcoholic beverages such as beer. v Indonesia has a massive youth population of around 40. 9 million, aged between 15 and 24. This age group tends to be more westernised compared to the older population and is projected to drive demand for mass market products such as confectionary goods. vii There are opportunities for products targeted to improve the condition of specific health problems. These products include calcium fortified milk to prevent osteoporosis, dairy milk for nursing mothers, baby food and products for weight and cholesterol reduction. vi 1. 4 Import Trendsvii In 2010, Indonesia imported an estimated US$8. 1 billion, a growth of 25 percent from 2009. Indonesia is relatively resilient to global trade volatility but reliant on dairy and poultry imports to meet demand. Indonesia: Food and Beverage Trade in million USD 2009 Exports Imports Balance 18,756 6,476 12,280 2010e 24,765 8,120 16,645 2011f 30,406 9,573 20,833 2012f 36,517 11,233 25,284 2013f 43,492 13,172 30,320 2014f 52,167 15,598 36,563 2015f 62,034 18,448 43,585 Source: Business Monitor International (NB: 2010 estimate; 2011-2015 forecasts) 7/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1. 5 Key Players in the Marketvii Food and beverages Nestle Indonesia had the highest market share with sales of US$23. 2 billion in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Nestle has a market leading position in the dairy sector and in its instant noodle category, operates a 50-50 joint venture with Indofood Sukses Makmur. One of Indonesia’s key players in alcoholic beverages is Multi Bintang with 414 employees and US$209. 5 million in sales in 2010. Indonesia: Key Players in the food and beverage market Company Nestle Indonesia Indofood Sukses akmur Terbuka Unilever Indonesia PT Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Mayora Indah Tbk Sari Husada PT Malindo Feedmill Tbk PT Siantar Top Tiga Pilar Sejahtera Food Sub-sector confectionery and dairy miscellaneous food dairy and tea meat and Fish confectionery formula and baby food miscellaneous food Snack food Snack food and instant noodles Sales (US$mn) 23,238** 4,493 2,303 1,764 845 317e 238 89 83 Yearending Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-10 2010 Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-09 No. Of employees 1,232 64,200 3,308 7,095 4,407 902 2,144 4,292 1,925 Year Established 1971 1990 1933 1972 1977 1954 na 1970 na Source: Company Investor Relations, BMI (NB: e = estimate, na = not available, **Includes Papua New Guinea) Mass Grocery Retail Hero Supermarket Tbk had the largest sales within the mass grocery retail sector with US$8. 97 billion in 2010. Hero has a broad range of store formats and offers lower value products while Carrefour, the biggest foreign retailer in Indonesia, dominates the upper end of the market. 8/Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 Key Players in Indonesia’s Mass Grocery Retail Sector, 2011 Parent Company PT Hero Supermark et Tbk PT Sumber Alfaria Trijaya Tbk PT Matahari Putra Prima Tbk Country of Origin Indonesia / Hong Kong Sales, US$ mn 8,971 Financial year 2010 Brand Hero Giant StarMart Indonesia 1,645 2010 Alfamart Alfa Minimart Foodmart Hypermart Cut Price PT Carrefour Indonesia PT Makro Indonesia ** PT Ramayana Lestari Sentosa Tbk PT Indomaret Prismatama PT Lion Superindo PT Alfa Retailindo Tbk France / Indonesia Netherlands Indonesia. Indonesia Belgium / Indonesia Indonesia 1,570*** 656e 639 500e 431* 187 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 Carrefour Makro Ramayana Indomaret Super Indo Alfa Alfa Grosir Gelael Format Supermarket Hypermarket Convenience Store Supermarket Convenience Store Supermarket Hypermarket Discount Store Hypermarket Supermarket Cash & Carry Supermarket Convenience Store Supermarket Supermarket Supermarket Supermarket No of outlets 120 38 125 4812 Indonesia 1,615 2009 25 52 9 63 16 20 104 5,174 74 35 8 11. Source: Company Investor Relations, BMI (NB: e = estimate,*Based on Delhaize Group Rest of World Sales,** South Korea’s Lotte acquired Makro in October 2008,***Based on Carrefour’sIndonesia sales. ?Includes franchised, independent stores) 1. 6 Regulatory Information provided in this section is for reference only. When negotiating supply contracts and before beginning actual export, companies are advised to consult closely with their importer or distributor. Duties and tariffs Under AANZFTA there will be tariff free access to more than 90 percent of New Zealand goods by 2015, and the majority of these are food and beverage products. 9/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 Alcoholic beverages in Indonesia including wine are strictly regulated due to the Muslim Law. Wines are subject to 10 percent value added tax (VAT), import tax of 150 percent and income tax of 25 percent. Category A B C Classification Alcoholic beverage with 1-5 percent ethanol content Alcoholic beverage with 5-20 percent ethanol content Alcoholic beverage with 20-55 percent ethanol content Import duty USD 1. 57 / litre IDR 14,000 / litre USD 6. 18 / litre IDR 55,000 / litre USD 14. 00 / litre IDR 125,000 / litre Excise Tax USD 1. 25 / litre IDR 11,000 / litre USD 4. 5 / litre IDR 40,000 / litre USD 14. 61 / litre IDR130,000 / litre For more information, visit the Directorate General of Customs & Excise at www. beacukai. go. id or the AANZFTA at www. asean. fta. govt. nz. Licensing and registration requirements Prior to importation of food, companies must follow a registration process which involves a fee of Rp 150,000-3,000,000 (approximately NZ$17-345). The documents needed to register include: ? ? ? ? ?a letter that guarantees safety, quality, nutrition and labelling an authorisation letter from the manufacturer health certificate or certificate of free sale issued by authorised deputy from country of origin an audit report of distribution facilities from NADFC (National Agency of Drugs and Food Control) provincial office. copy of registration approval letter from the NZ company’s importer For more information on licensing and registration, visit National Agency of Drug and Food Control at www. pom. go. id Labelling requirements. All imported food and beverages need to be labelled in Indonesian language and must contain: ? ? ? ? brand name name of product (type of food) list of ingredients net weight or net content or drained weight (if applicable) 10/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage |. February 2012 ? ? ? name and address of parties that produce or import the products into Indonesia registration number date, month and year of minimum durability For more information on labelling, visit the National Agency of Drug and Food Control at www. pom. go. id. Quotas New Zealand wine exports are subject to Indonesia’s import quotas. The Indonesian government increased the import quota for wine to 225,000 cases in 2009, from 80,000 cases in 2008. The number of cases of wine imported in 2008 and 2009 were 77,485 and 191,953 cases respectively. Error! Bookmark not defined. Indonesia has also recently imposed beef quotas which are being reviewed regularly. Halal Halal certification in Indonesia is required for all food derived from animal products, and recommended for companies whose products are targeting the mass retail market. Exporters are advised to check this closely with their importers or distributors in Indonesia. The Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (FIANZ) is recognised by the Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI) for certifying products in New Zealand. They can be contacted at fianz@ztra. co. nz. For more information on the overseas market access requirements (including halal requirements), visit the New Zealand Food Safety Authority at www. foodsafety. govt. nz For more information on halal, visit the MUI at www. halalmui. org 1. 7 Sustainabilityviii The Indonesian Government encourages companies to use sustainable packaging and recyclable materials through tax incentives and an awards system. The government plans to boost the environmentally friendly packaging through Industrial Regulations in Indonesia (RUU Perindustrian). Alternatives to plastic packaging such as vegetable material or bio-plastic packaging have been welcomed by the market. Bio-plastic is made from biotic materials (i. e. corn, cassava or micro-biota) and the material is easier to decompose. A national water company, PT Aqua Golden Mississippi, is currently developing a water bottle from vegetable material. The Indonesian Nanotechnology Society is researching a thinner plastic bottle which can be decomposed in 4 to 8 weeks. 11/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 2 MARKET ENTRY AND DEVELOPMENT 2. 1 Market Entry Strategies Indonesia is a price sensitive market, but with the growth of the new generation of middle and high income consumers, the quality of products is of greater importance. Branded and high quality food and beverage products are in demand. The middle high income segment is paying more attention to healthy products as the new generation becomes more health conscious. Indonesian consumers prefer internationally well-known brands and imported products, particularly for their children. In 2010, the government approved a number of import licences for alcoholic beverages. There were previously only 2 companies with import licences but now more than 20 companies have secured a licence. To acquire an import licence, a company needs to have at least 20 brands in its portfolio. It is recommended that New Zealand food and beverage products focus on Jakarta (with a population of 9. 6 million), Surabaya (4 million) and Bali (4 million). Jakarta and Surabaya are big markets in their own right but are also distribution hubs to the east and western parts of Indonesia. Bali is a popular tourism destination and there is a demand for quality products from hotels and restaurants. 2. 2 Points of Differentiation New Zealand is known in Indonesia as a producer of fresh, clean, high quality and healthy products. However, the market holds little knowledge about the range of products New Zealand sells. New Zealand companies need to continuously promote the overall New Zealand image for the benefit of their products. 2. 3 Long Term Strategic Issues for Exporters to Consider Recently a number of new regulations were introduced, which are aimed at protecting local producers of horticultural, agricultural and dairy products. Political issues and corruption are still a major issue in doing business in Indonesia. All imported food and beverage products must be registered by Indonesia’s National Agency for Food and Drugs Control (BPOM). New Zealand food and beverage exporters are advised to check with their Indonesian customers or partners what the exact process is. The specified time limit for BPOM to issue registration is 45 working days, but in the past it has taken 6-12 months. 12/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 2. 4 Distribution Channels. The best market penetration strategy is to appoint a local importer who has an established network across Indonesia. This will enable New Zealand businesses to access the retail market and also the HORECA (hotel, restaurant and catering) markets. Importers will undertake the product registration on behalf of New Zealand companies. New Zealand companies must provide the necessary documentation including a letter of appointment for the Indonesian importer. 2. 5 Pricing New Zealand products face stiff competition from other imported products, particularly products from Asian countries. With the right pricing and product positioning strategies, Indonesian consumers are willing to pay for premium products. Mark-ups for imported products will include: ? ? ? import agent fees custom duties value added tax (VAT) of 5-10 percent 13/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 2. MARKET RESOURCES AND CONTACTS ASSOCIATIONS /ORGANISATION ASEAN New Zealand Combined Business Council Halal Indonesia The Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (FIANZ) WEBLINK www. asean. org. nz www. halalindonesia. org/ www. fianz. co. nz/index. php Indonesia National Agency of Drug and Food Control www.pom. go. id ASEAN Australia New Zealand Free Trade Agreement Guide Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia Directorate General of Customs & Excise. TRADE EVENTS InterFood Indonesia Fish and Seafood Indonesia Agri Indo Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival OTHER NZTE PUBLICATIONS Indonesia Country Brief Wine Market in Southeast Asia Food and beverage in the hotel, restaurant and institutions market in Southeast Asia www. asean. fta. govt. nz www. depkes. go. id/en/ www. beacukai. go. id WEBLINK www. interfood-indonesia. com www. fisheryandseafoodexpo. com www. agri-indo. com www. jfff. info WEBLINK www. nzte.govt. nz www. nzte. govt. nz /www. nzte. govt. nz Disclaimer: This publication is provided to you as a free service and is intended to flag to you market opportunities and possibilities. Use of and reliance on the information/products/technology/concepts discussed in this publication, and the suitability of these for your business is entirely at your own risk. You are advised to carry out your own independent assessment of this opportunity. The information in this publication is general; it was prepared by New Zealand Trade and Enterprise (NZTE) from publicly available and/or subscription database sources. NZTE; its officers, employees and agents accept no liability for any errors or omissions or any opinion/s expressed, and no responsibility is accepted with respect to the standing of any firm/s, company/ies or individual/s mentioned. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise is not responsible for any adverse consequences arising out of such use. You release New Zealand Trade and Enterprise from all claims arising from this publication. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise reserves the right to reuse any general market information contained in its reports. i ii iii iv v vi vii viii Euromonitor International, 26 August 2011. Indonesia: Country Profile APNZ, 15 November 2011. Indonesia to join regional FTA. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from www. nzherald. co. nz Euromonitor International, 9 August 2011. Consumer Food Service in Indonesia. Euromonitor International, 2011. Market sizes, Indonesia Euromonitor International, February 2011. Alcoholic Drinks – Indonesia Euromonitor International, November 2010. Packaged food – Indonesia Business Monitor International, August 2011. Indonesia Food & Drink Report Q4 2011. Euromonitor International, April 2011. Packaging – Indonesia 14/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012.